I 


SYLLABUS  OF  LECTURES 


ON 


ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 


BY 


CHARLES   E.   BENNETT 

CORNER  UNIVERSITY 


ITHACA 

ANDRUS   &   CHURCH 

1899 


SYLLABUS  OF  LECTURES 


ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 


BY 


CHARLES   E.    BENNETT 

CORNBIX  UNIVERSITY 


ITHACA 

ANDRUS    &    CHURCH 

l899 


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INTRODUCTION. 


LECTURE  I. 


i.   Purpose  and  plan  of  course. 

2.  Bibliography. 

3.  Sketch  of  Roman  civilization. 

O)  Regal  period,  753-502^8.0. — Stages: 

(1)  Patriarchal  state. 

(2)  Priest-kings:  Numa,  Ancus. 

(3)  Warrior  kings  :  the  Tarquins. — Indications  of 
an  Etruscan  conquest. 

(4)  Overthrow  of  the  kings  (expulsion  of  the  Tar- 
quins) and  establishment  of  the  Republic,  509 
B.C. 

(b)  The  Early  Republic,  509-367  B.C.— Strife  of  Pa- 
tricians and  Plebeians. 

( 1 )  Early  republic  aristocratic. 

(2)  Secession  of  the  Plebeians — Institution  of  trib- 
unes, 494  B.C. 

(3)  Decemviral  Legislation,  449  B.C. 

(4)  Canuleian  Law — Right  of  intermarriage,  445 
B.C. 

(5)  Licinian  Rogations,  367  B.C. — Equalization  of 
the  Orders. 

0)  The  conquest  of  Italy,  367-275  B.C. 

(1)  Latin  War,  340  B.C. 

(2)  Samnite  War,  295  B.C. 

(3)  War  with  Pyrrhus,  275  B.C. 

(d)  The  conquest  of  the  world,  275-146  B.C. 

(1)  Punic  Wars. 

(2)  Greece  and  Macedonia. 

(3)  Beginnings  of  Literature. 

(<?)  Decay  of  the  Republic,  146-46  B.C. 


228272 


(i)  The  Gracchan  disturbances,  1 30-1 21  B.C. 

(2)  Social  War,  90  B.C. 

(3)  Marius  and  Sulla,  88  B.C. 

(4)  Pompey  and  Caesar,  49  B.C. 

(5)  Progress  of  Literature. 

(/)  The  Empire,  46  B.C.-476  A.D.— Decline  of  Politi- 
cal Life — General  Prosperity — Art  and  Literature. 


LECTURE  II. 

SALIENT  FEATURES  OF  ROMAN  CHARACTER. 

References. 

Smith,  Goldwin,  The  Greatness  of  the  Romans,  in  Lectures  and 
Essays,  p.  1  ff. 

Horace,  Odes,  iii,  1-6. 

Wilkins,  Primer  of  Roman  Antiquities,  chapter  i. 

i .  The  Romans  contrasted  with  the  Hebrews. 

2.  The  Romans  contrasted  with  the  Greeks. 

3.  Positive  traits  : 

(a)  Courage  and  steadfastness  (virtus  et  constantia). 

(£)  Practical  character  (utilitas). 

(V)   Thriftiness  and  simplicity  (frugalitas). 

(d)  Love  of  formality  and  dignity    (gravidas,  dig?iitas, 
severitas) . 

(e)  Genius  for  organization — Legal  sense. 

(/)  Subordination  of  the  individual  to  the  state. 
(«£")  Cato  viewed  as  a  typical  Roman. 


LECTURE  III. 

GEOGRAPHY,  CLIMATE,  AND  PRODUCTS  OF  ITALY. 

References.1 

Tozer,    H.    F.,    Classical   Geography,    in   the   series   of   Literature 
Primers,  edited  by  J.  R.  Green. 

•The  references  in  this  syllabus  make  no  pretense  at  being  a  bibli- 
ography of  the  subject. 


—  $  — 

Jung,  Julius, -Geographie  und  Geschichte  des  romischen  Altertums, 
Part  I.  Geographie  von  Italien  ;  in  Miiller's  Handbuch  der  Klassi- 
schen  Altertumswissenschaft,  Band  iii. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  Chap.  i. 

On  climate  and  products,  see  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  article 
Italy,  pp.  441  ff. 

A.     Geography. 

1.  Three-fold  division  of  Italy — Northern,  Southern, 
Central — General  characteristics — Coast  line  compared 
with  Greece  and  Spain — Mountain  ranges — No  isolation 
as  in  Greece. 

2.  Northern  Italy — Vast  plain  drained  by  Po  and  its 
tributaries. — Three  subdivisions — Cis- Alpine  Gaul,  Venetia, 
Iyiguria — Mountains — Lakes. 

3.  Southern  Italy — Extensive  coast  line — Few  streams 
— Four  subdivisions :  Apulia,  Calabria,  Lucania,  Bruttii. 

4.  Central  Italy — Seven  subdivisions  :  Etruria,  Umbria, 
Sabine  Territory,  Picenum,  Samnium,  Campania  ("The 
Crater  "),  Latium. 

5.  Iyatium — Level  plain  (Campagna) — Alban  hills — 
Pontine  Marshes — Rivers — Towns. 

B.     Climate. 

1.  Great  differences  in  different  sections — Three  climatic 
zones,  corresponding  to  the  three  geographical  divisions — 
Differences  between  mountains  and  coast. 

2.  (a)  Northern  Italy — Temperate — Average  temperature 
550  (N.  Y.  460)— Riviera. 

(b)  Central  Italy.— Average  580. 

(cS   Southern  Italy— Semi-tropical — Average  63  °. 

3.  Malarial  spots. 

C.     Products. 

1.  Vegetable — The  staples  :    olive,  wine,  wheat,  flax. 

2.  Animal — Cheese,  honey,  wool. 

3.  Mineral — Marble,  some  iron,  copper. 


—  6  — 
LECTURE  IV. 

THE  RACES  OF  ITALY. 
References. 

Mommsen,  History  of  Rome  (English  translation),  vol.  i,  chapters 
ii,  iii,  viii,  ix,  x. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  chapter  ii. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  article  Italy,  p.  443  ff. 

Jung,  Julius,  Geographie  von  Italien,  in  Miiller's  Handbuch  der 
klassischen  Altertumswissenschaft,  vol.  iii,  pp.  472  ff. 

Niese,  Bernard,  Romische  Geschichte,  in  Miiller's  Handbuch,  vol. 
iii,  pp.  580-584. 

A.     Indo-European  Races. 

1.  Original  home  of  the  Indo-European  family. 

2.  Italic  group. 

(a)  Latin  tribes :  Romans  (Volsci,  Aequi?). 
(£)  Umbro-Samnitic  tribes. 

(1)  Umbrians. 

(2)  Sabini. 

(3)  Marsi,  Vestini,   Marrucini,   Paeligni,   Frentani, 
Picentini. 

(4)  Samnites. 

(5)  Lucani. 

(6)  Bruttii. 

3.  Gauls. 

(a)  Insubres. 

(b)  Senones. 

4.  Greeks. — In  Magna  Graecia. 

5.  Veneti  (?). 


B.     Non-Indo-European  Races. 


1.  Etruscans. 

2.  Iapygians. 

3.  Ligurians. 


PART   I. 

TOPOGRAPHY    AND    REMAINS    OF    ANCIENT 

ROME. 


LECTURE  V. 


GENERAL   TOPOGRAPHY   OF   THE   CITY   OF  ROME.— THE 
EARLY  REMAINS. 

References. 

Middleton,  J.  H.,  Ancient  Rome,1  vol.  i,  chapters  iii-iv. 

Lanciani,  Rodolfo,  Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome,  Book  i. 

,  Ancient   Rome  in   the   Light  of  Recent  Discoveries, 

chapter  ii. 

Richter,  Otto,  article  'Rom'  in  Baumeister's  Denkmaler  des 
klassischen  Altertums. 

,  Topographie  der  Stadt  Rom,  in  Miiller's  Handbuch  der 

klassischen  Altertumswissenschaft,  Band  iii,  p.  716  ff. 

Schneider,  A.,  Das  alte  Rom,  Tafeln  i-iii,  and  Plans  at  end. 

Kiepert  and  Hiilsen,  Forma  Urbis  Romae  Antiquae,  Map  I  in  pocket 
at  end. 

Burn,  R.,  Ancient  Rome  and  its  Neighbourhood,  p.  1  ff. 

Ramsay,  W. ,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  pp.  1-14. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  chapters  i,  iii,  iv,  v. 

Photographs  10.003,  10.004,  10.071,  17.010,  32.045. 

1.  Topography  of  Rome  and  vicinity — Volcanic  origin  of 
the  hills — Their  richness  in  building  material — Importance 
of  this. 

2.  Six  stages  in  the  topographical  development  of  Rome. 
(a)  Palatium. 

(£)   Septimontium. 

(c)  City  of  the  '  Four  Regions.' 

(d)  The  Wall  and  Agger  of  Servius. 

1  The  earlier  editions  of  this  work  in  one  volume  may  also  be  consulted. 


—  8  — 

(e)   The  Open  city  of  Fourteen  Regions  under  Augustus. 
(/)  The  Aurelian  Wall. 

3.  Existing  remains  of  the  early  periods:  "Walls  of 
Romulus" — Wall  and  Agger  of  Servius — Cloaca  Maxima — 
Other  cloacae — The  river  embankment — Tullianum — Career. 

4.  Subsequent  architectural  eras  of  Rome. 

(a)  Augustus,  30  B.C. -14  A.D. 

(b)  Nero,  54-68  A.D. 

(c)  The  Flavian  dynasty,  69-96  A.D. 

(d)  Trajan,  98-117  A.D. 

(e)  Hadrian,  1 17-138  A.D. 

(/)  Septimius  Severus  and  Caracalla,  193-217  A.D. 

(g)  Aurelian,  274  A.D. 

(k)  Constantine,  306-337  A.D. 


LECTURE  VI. 

THE  ROMAN  FORUM. 

References.  * 

Middleton,  J.  H.,  Ruins  of  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  i,  chapters  vi,  vii. 

Lanciani,  R.,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  Book  iii,  p.  216  ff. 

,  Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries,  chap- 
ters iv,  vi. 

Ramsay,  W.,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  pp.  15-35. 

Baedeker,  Karl,  Guide  Book  to  Central  Italy,  p.  217  ff. 

Strack,  H.,  Die  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  p.  20  and  Plates  1, 
2,  8,  16,  21,  22. 

Parker,  J.  H.,  Forum  Romanum  (gives  illustrations  of  early  state 
of  F.) 

Hiilsen,  Das  Forum  Romanum,  Plates. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  chapter  vi,  part  i  ;  chapter  vi,  part  ii. 

Burn,  Ancient  Rome  and  its  Neighborhood,  p.  41  ff. 

Photographs:  A,  B,  C ;  18.015,  98.072  ff. 

1.  Historical  importance  of  the  locality. 

2.  State  of  the  Forum  in  the  Middle  Ages — Stages  in  its 
excavation. 

3.  The  original  site — Made  available  by  drainage — Taber- 
nae  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 


4.  Curia — Comitium     Rostra — Umbilicus   Romae — Milli- 
arium  Aureum. 

5.  Temple  of  Saturn — Basilica  Julia — Temple  of  Castor. 

6.  Temple   of  Vesta — Atrium  Vestae — Temple  of  Julius 
Caesar — Temple  of  Antoninus  and  Faustina. 

7.  Temple  of  Concord — Temple  of  Vespasian — Arch  of 
Septimius  Severus. 

8.  Central  Area — Reliefs  of  Trajan — Bases  of  Honorary 
Columns — Column  of  Phocas. 

9.  Sacra  Via — The  Unexcavated  Environs. 


LECTURE  VII. 

THE   IMPERIAL   FORA. 

References. 

Middleton,  J.  H.,  Ruins  of  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  i. 
Lanciani,  R.,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  See  Index  on  p.  598  f. 

,  Ancient  Rome  in   the   Light  of   Recent  Discoveries, 

chapter  iv. 
Ramsay,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  pp.  35-39. 
Baedeker,  Karl,  Central  Italy,  p.  233  ff. 

Strack,  H.,  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  Plates  7,  15,  26,  29. 
Schneider,  Das  Alte  Rom,  Tafel  vi,  No.  12  ;  vii,  No.  11. 
Cichorius,  C,  Die  Reliefs  der  Trajanssaule,  (Plates). 
Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  see  Index  under  Trajanssaule. 
Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  chapter  vii. 

,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  100  ff. 

Photographs  :  D  ;  18.040,  18.041,  18.051,  18.060,  18.061,  20.025-27. 

1.  The  Forum  Julium — Temple  of  Venus  Genetrix. 

2.  Forum  Augusti — Temple  of  Mars  Ultor. 

3.  Forum  or  Templum  Pacis — Vespasian. 

4.  Forum  Nervae  (Forum  Transitorium) — Temple  of 
Minerva. 

5.  Forum  of  Trajan — Extent  of  the  excavations  for  its 
construction — Basilica  Ulpia — Trajan's  Column — Temple  of 
Trajan. 


IO 

LECTURE    VIII. 

THE  CAPITOLINE  AND  THE  PALATINE. 

References. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  i,  chapters  iv,  viii. 
Lanciani,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  Book  ii ;  also  p.  296  ff. 

,  Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries,  chapter  v. 

Ramsay,  W.,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  pp.  39-46. 

Baedeker,  Karl,  Central  Italy,  p.  208  ff.  ;  237  ff. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  chapter  viii,  part  i,  part  ii. 

,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  120  ff.  ;  p.  13  ff. 

Photographs  :  E,  F ;  32.038,  32.050,  32.060,  32.062. 

1.  The  Capitoline — Arx  and  Temple  of  Juno  Moneta — 
Capitolium  —  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  —  Tarpeian 
Rock — Inter  Duos  Lucos. 

2.  The  Palatine — Succession  of  Palaces — Augustus,  Ti- 
berius, Caligula,  (Nero?) — Flavian  Emperors — Septizonium 
— Temple  of  Apollo  ;  the  Palatine  Library  (27  B.C.). 


LECTURE   IX. 

OTHER  IMPORTANT  STRUCTURES. 

References. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  ix,  and  see  Index. 

Lanciani,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  see  Index. 

,  Atlantic  Monthly,  vol.  lxxi,  p.  721  (on  the  Pantheon). 

Ramsay,  W. ,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  see  Index. 

Strack,  H.,  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  Plates,  3-6;  12-14;  !8> 
20,  23,  32. 

Schneider,  Das  alte  Rom  ;  see  Tafeln  passim. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna  ;  see  Index. 

Burn,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  159  ff. 

Baedeker,  Central  Italy  ;  see  Index. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  Canto  iv,  Stanza  cxlvi  f. 

Photographs  :  G,  H,  I,  J,  K,  L,  M,  N  ;  10.042,  19.010,  19.01 1,  19.014, 
19.025,  19.030,  19.040,  19.041. 

i.  Pantheon — Agrippa — 27  B.C. 


—  II  — 

2.  Triumphal  and  other  Arches. 

(a)  Titus — the  reliefs — capture  of  Jerusalem,  70  A.D. 

(£)   Constantine,  325  A.D. 

(V)    Drusus. 

(d)  Janus  Quadrifrons. 

3.  Column  of  Marcus  Aurelius  (176  A.D.)— Temple  of 
Fortuna  Virilis — Temple  of  Hercules — Temple  of  Venus 
and  Rome — Basilica  of  Constantine. 


PART  II. 
PRIVATE   ANTIQUITIES. 


LECTURE  X. 

MARRIAGE,  STATUS  OF  WOMEN,  CELIBACY,  DIVORCE. 

References. 

Ramsay,  Manual  of  Roman  Antiquities,  p.  293  ff.  ;  477  ff. 
Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life  of  the  Romans,  pp.  8-17. 
Maine,  Sir  Henry,  Ancient  Law,  chapter  v,  Patria  Potestas. 
Wilkins,  Primer  of  Roman  Antiquities,  chapter  iv. 
Inge,  W.  R.,  Society  in  Rome  under  the  Caesars,  chapter  vii. 
Becker's  Gallus,  p.  153  ff. 

Smith1,  Dictionary  of  Antiquities,  article  matrimonium. 
Marquardt,  Das  Privatleben  der  Romer,  pp.  28-80. 
Zoeller,  Romische  Privataltertiimer,  p.  204  ff. 

Friedlander,  Darstellungen  aus  der  Sittengeschichte  Roms,5  vol.  ir 
chapter  v. 

Catullus,  Carmen  lxi. 

1.  Qualifications  necessary  to  a  valid  marriage — Political 
— Age — Nearness  of  relationship. 

2.  Origin  and  significance  of  patria  potestas. 

3.  Marriage  with  manus — Without  manus. 

4.  Betrothal — Wedding  ceremonies — Their  religious  char- 
acter— Different  methods  of  marriage  in  manum ;  confar- 
reatio  ;  usus ;  coemtio — Special  significance  of  these. 

5.  Status  of  woman — Her  freedom  and  dignity — Contrast 
with  conditions  at  Athens. 

6.  Changes  in  the  character  of  the  Roman  matron  under 
the  later  Republic  and  Empire. 

7.  Divorce — Originally  rare — Increasing  frequency  in 
later  times — Causes. 

8.  Celibacy — Causes — Fruitless  attempts  to  check  it  by 
legislation. 

1  All  references  to  Smith  apply  also  to  Harper's  Classical  Dictionary. 


—  !3  — 

LECTURE  XI. 

CHILDREN,  THEIR  LEGAL  STATUS,  CEREMONIES  AT  AND 
AFTER  BIRTH. 

References. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  475  ff. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  57  ff. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iv. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  178  ff. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  susceptio,  bulla,  dies  lustricus,  crepundia. 

Inge,  Society  in  Rome,  p.  69  ff. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  81  ff. 

Zoeller,  Romische  Privataltertiimer,  p.  219  ff. 

1 .  Exposure  of  children — patria potestas — susceptio — Cruel 
treatment  of  foundlings. 

2.  Religious  ceremonies  at  the  birth  of  children — primor- 
dia — dies  lustricus — crepundia— fascinatio — bulla  aurea — 
bulla  scortea. 

3.  Tutelary  deities  of  children. 

4.  Registration  of  births — professio. 


LECTURE    XII. 

ROMAN  NAMES. 

References. 


Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  88  ff.  ;  125  ;  131. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  nomen. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life  ;  see  Index. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  7  ff. 

Zoller,  Romische  Privataltertiimer,  p.  222  ff. 

A.     Men's  Names. 

1 .  Three  periods. 

(a)  Original  method, — single  name,  e.  g.     Lucius, 
{b)   Early  historical  period, — two  names,  e.  g.     Lucius 
Quinctius. 


—  i4  — 

(c)    L,ater  historical  period — three  names    (the  normal 
method),  e.g.     Lucius  Quinctius  Cincinnatus. 
2.  Praenomen,   nomen,   cognomen,   agnomen — Paucity    of 
praenomina — Inversion  of  nomen  and  cognomen. 

B.     Women's  Names. 

Four  stages  : 

(a)  One  name,  e.g.     Gaia(Luci). 
\b)   Two  names,  e.  g.     Gaia  Cornelia, 
(c)    Gentile  name  alone,  e.  g.     Cornelia. 

(dO  Gentile  and  family  name,  e.  g.     Cornelia  Scipio. 

C.     Slaves'  Names. 

Three  stages  : 

(#)   Designated  by  master's  name,  e.  g.     Marcipor. 

(b)  Individual  names,  mostly  foreign,  e.  g.  Aphrodisius. 
(V)    Individual  name  followed  by  master's  name  in  the 

genitive. 

D.    Freedmen's   Names. 

First  two  names  of  master  followed  by  the  slave  name. 

E. 

Breaking  down  of  Roman  system  of  names  under  the 
Empire. 

LECTURE   XIII. 

EARLY    LIFE,   SPORTS,   AND    EDUCATION    OF    ROMAN 
CHILDREN. 

References. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iv. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  57  f. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  182  ff. 

Ramsay,  W.,  Manual,  p.  475  f. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Education. 

Clarke,  Geo.,  Education  of  Children  at  Rome. 


—  i5  — 

Laurie,  S.  S.,  Roman  Education,  in  School  Review,  vol.  iii,  p.  143 
ff.  ;  p.  211  ff. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  81  ff. 
Zoeller,  Romische  Altertiimer,  p.  230  ff. 
Photographs  :  52.030,  52.040,  81.010. 

1.  Games  of  children — Existence  at  Rome  of  modern 
games — Nut-games — Ball-games — Their  simplicity. 

2.  Training  of  children — Theory  of  Roman  education, — 
practical,  to  subserve  the  public  welfare  (Greek  education 
individual  and  ideal) — Strong  home  influences  at  Rome— 
The  mother. 

3.  Formal  instruction. 

O)  Elementary— '  The  Three  R's '—Teachers:  the 
litterator  and  calculator — Small  fees — Long  terms — 
Holidays — The  paedagogus. 

(b)  Grammatical  (/.  e. ,  literary) — Our  high  school — 
Study  of  Greek  and  Latin  authors — The grammaticus . 

(c)  Rhetorical — In  rhetoric  and  oratory — Modelled  on 
Greek  plan  —  Lectures  by  teacher  —  Exercises  by 
pupils — Declamation — Controversiae  and  Suasoriae. 

4.  Higher  education — Absence  of  facilities  for  specializa- 
tion— The  philosophical  schools — Foreign  study — Hadrian's 
universities. 

5.  Instruction  of  girls — Essentially  domestic. 

6.  Assumption  of  toga  virilis — Ceremonies — Consequences 
—  Tirocinium. 


LECTURE  XIV. 

SLAVES,  THEIR  STATUS,  EMPLOYMENT,  AND  TREATMENT. 

References. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iv. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  pp.  66-72. 

Ramsay,  W.,  Manual,  p.  124  ff. 

Inge,  Society  in  Rome,  p.  159  ff. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  servus,  peculium. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  199  ff. 


—  i6  — 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  135  ff. 
Zoeller,  Romische  Altertiimer,  p.  245  ff . 

i .  Importance  of  Roman  slavery — Causes  of  increase  in 
number  of  slaves. 

2.  Familia  rustica — Agricultural  and  pastoral  pursuits. 

3.  Familia  urbana — 

(a)  Management  of  house. 

(b)  Personal  attendance. 

(c)  Cuisine. 

(d)  Table-service. 

(*)  Escort  about  the  city. 

(/)  Clerical  and  literary  service. 

4.  Management,  care,  and  education  of  slaves — paedago- 
gia. 

5.  Number  of  slaves — Chiefly  employed  in  agricultural 
and  industrial  occupations. 

6.  Sources  of  supply. 
(a)  Captives  in  war. 
(£)   By  kidnapping. 

(V)  From  foreign  slave-markets. 

(d)  By  legal  process. 

(e)  By  birth  in  house  of  master  {yernae). — Slave-trade 
controlled  by  aediles — Prices. 

7.  Treatment  of  slaves — Slave  marriages— peculium — 
Harsh  treatment  toward  close  of  republic — Modes  of  pun- 
ishment. 

8.  Amelioration  of  condition  of  slaves  under  Empire — 
Causes. 

LECTURE  XV. 

FREEDMEN,  GUEST-FRIENDS,  CLIENTS. 

References. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iii. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  p.  72  ff. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  226  ff. 

Ramsay,  W.,  Manual,  see  Index  under  hospites,  clientes,  liberti. 


—  i7  — 

Inge,  Society  in  Rome  ;  see  chapter  vi. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  hospitium,  cliens,  sportula,  libertus. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  195  ff. 

Zoeller,  Romische  Altertiimer,  p.  255  ff. 

1.  Modes  of  manumission — Political  status  of  liberti — 
Social  status. 

2.  Guest-friends — Antiquity  of  the  institution — Definite- 
ness  of  obligation — Cities  as  guest-friends. 

3.  Client  and  patron — Obligations  mutual — Recognized 
legal  character — Clients  originally  plebeians. 

4.  Changed  clientship  of  the  later  Republic  and  Empire — 
A  purely  voluntary  relation — Artificial  character — The 
sportula — Decline  of  independence. 


LECTURE  XVI. 

THE  ROMAN  HOUSE. 

References. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  28  ff. 
Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  ii. 
Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  516. 
Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Domus. 
Bulwer-Lytton,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  chapter  iii. 
Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  357  ff. 
Becker,  Gallus,  p.  231  ff. 
Overbeck,  Pompeii,  chapter  iv. 
Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  213. 
Zoeller,  Romische  Altertiimer,  p.  267  ff . 

Photographs  :  77.005,  12.045,  12.050,  13.050,  60.010,  60.012,  60.016, 
60.025,  60.030,  60.034,  60.040,  60.070,  61.005,  61.050,  61.070. 

i .  Scanty  remains  of  houses  at  Rome — But  one  or  two 
specimens  preserved — Pompeii  the  source  of  our  knowledge. 

2.  Fundamental  difference  between  ancient  and  modern 
houses  found  in  the  method  of  securing  light — Romans 
lacked  glass. 

3.  The  Roman  house  a  development  from  one  room, — the 
atrium — Proofs  of  this — Etymology  of  atrium — The  com- 
pluvium  and  impluvium. 


—  i8  — 

4.  Steps  in  the  extension  of  the  atrium  : — alae,  tablinumy 
peristyle,  hortus. 

5.  General  adherence  to  type — Free  variation  in  detail. 

6.  Sacraria  (lararia). 


LECTURE  XVII. 

HOUSEHOLD   DECORATION,   FURNITURE,  AND   UTENSILS. 

References. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  39  f. 
Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  437  ff . 
Overbeck,  Pompeii,  chapter  v. 
Becker,  Gallus,  p.  285  ff. 
Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Domus. 
Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  646  ff. 
Zoller,  Privataltertiimer,  p.  281  ff. 
Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  under  Pompeii. 

Photographs  :  46.020,  46.030,  46.031,  46.032,  62,  66,  67,  69,  70,  71, 
72,  73,  74,  75,  92.025,  94.001,  98.042—052. 

A.     Decoration. 

1.  Wall  Paintings. 

2.  Mosaics. 

B.     Furniture. 

1.  Small  variety  of  Roman  furniture  as  compared  with 
modern  standards — Scanty  remains  of  wooden  furniture  at 
Pompeii. 

2.  Beds. — Bedsteads  probably  uncommon — No  samples 
preserved — Usually  built  in — Wash-stands — Often  of  stone. 

3-  Seats  — Often  of  stone  or  bronze — bisellia. 

4.  Tables — Marble  stands — Tripods — Tetrapods — Artistic 
designs. 

5.  Iyamps  —  Candelabra — Lanterns  —  Imperfection  of 
ancient  lighting — No  chimneys — Sooty  deposits. 

C.    Utensils. 

1.   Ovens — Portable  furnaces — Braziers. 


—  19  — 

2.  Kitchen  Utensils  :  Skillets,  strainers,  kettles,  ladles. 

3 .  Pottery — Glass-ware — Spoons — Knives. 

4.  Axes — Hatchets — Spades — Steelyards — Sundials  {horo- 
logia,  solaria) — Reckoning  of  time — Clepsydras. 

5.  Keys — Knockers — Draw-pulls. 


LECTURE  XVIII. 

MEALS,  FOOD,   DRINK. 

References. 

Becker's  Gallus,  p.  451  ff.;  476  ff.;  485  ff. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iii. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  77. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  490  ff. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  501. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  414  f. 

Zoeller,  Privataltertumer,  p.  289. 

Inge,  Society  at  Rome,  p.  196  ;  202  ;  262. 

Horace,  Sat.  ii,  8. 

1.  Names  and  order  of  meals — At  first  jentaculum,  cenay 
vesperna  ;  later  jentaculum,  prandium,  cena. 

2.  The  cena  : 

(a)  gustus  (gustatio), 

(b)  fercula, 

(c)  mensae  secundae. 

3.  Table  customs — Reclining  at  table  (accumbere,  dis- 
cumbere) — The  triclinium — The  lecti  :  medius,  summus, 
imus — Sigma  or  stibadium — Umbrae. 

4.  The  table — Knives  and  forks  lacking — Spoons  used — 
Napkins  and  table-cloths  a  late  luxury — Platters. 

5.  The  Comissatio  (o-v/attoo-ioi/) — Magister  bibendi  — 
Nomen  bibere. 

6.  Food — Simple  in  early  time — -Later  more  elaborate. 
(a)  Fish — Extravagant   taste   of    Romans    for   this — 

Enormous  prices — Mullets,  lampreys,  etc. 
(£)  Fowl — Peacock,  pheasant,  etc. 
(V)   Beef  little  used — Pork,  game,  boar,  hare. 


—  20  — 

(d)  Vegetables  and  fruits  in  great  variety. 

(e)  Oil,  cheese,  honey,  pastry. 

7.  Drinks — Wine  the  staple — Beer,  spirits,  and  decoctions 
unknown. 

8.  The  public  grain  supply. 

9.  Roman  luxury. 


XIX. 

DRESS  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 

References. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  95. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  chapter  iv. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  408  ff. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  504  ff. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  476  ff. 

Smith,  Dictionary  under  toga,  calceus. 

Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  under  Toga,  Fussbekleidung . 

Weiss,  Kostiimkunde,  I,  p.  957. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  550. 

Zoeller,  Romische  Privataltertiimer,  p.  298. 

Photographs  81.024  ff.,  81.070  ff. 

i.   Dress  of  men — subucula — tunica — toga. 

2.  The   toga — Styles    of    wearing — sinus — umbo — cinctus 
Gabinus — at  sacrifices — toga  picta — Material  of  toga — Color. 

3.  Paenula,  sagum,  lacerna. 

4.  Dress  of  women — tunica  interior — stola — palla — tunico- 
p  allium. 

5.  Footwear— calcei  (shoes) — soleae  (sandals). 

6.  Headgear — Less  used  than  by  us — pileus,  petasus. 

7.  Men's  hair — The  beard — tondere,  radere — Wigs. 

8.  Women's  hair — Elaborate  coiffures — False  hair. 

9.  Jewelry  and  ornaments — Rings,  bracelets,  brooches — 
Mirrors,  fans,  etc. 


-21  — 
LECTURE  XX. 

BATHS  AND  AQUEDUCTS. 
References. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  366. 

Lanciani,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  49. 

,  Ruins  and  Excavations  ;  see  Index. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  351  ;  396. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  487  ;  78-84. 

Parker,  J.  H.,  The  Aqueducts  of  Rome  (with  admirable  illustra- 
tions). 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapters  v,  x. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  p.  38. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  48. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  balneae,  etc. 

Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  under  Thermen. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  269. 

Parker,  J.  H.,  Archaeology  of  Rome,  vol.  viii. 

Herschel,  Clemens,  Frontinus  and  his  Two  Books  on  the  Water 
Supply  of  the  City  of  Rome. 

Strack,  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  Plates  28,  33. 

Photographs:  O,  P;  10.041,  15.010,  15.011,  15.015,  15.016,  15.018, 
15.030,  15.040,  15.060,  16.005,  16.060,  31.030,  31.040,  31.041,  31.050, 
31.060,  31.070,  31.090,  31.095,  86,  68.020-68.090. 

1.  Baths,  foreign  origin — balneae,  thermae — The  latter 
modelled  on  the  Greek  gymnasium. 

2.  The  important  thermae  at  Rome — of  Agrippa,  of  Titus, 
Trajan,  Caracalla,  Diocletian,  Constantine. 

3.  The  Baths  at  Pompeii. 

4.  Description  of  one  of  the  great  thermae — apodyterium, 
elaiothesium,  tepidarium,  calidarium ,  frigidarium ,  Laconicon, 
hypocausts ,  suspensurae — The  service — Athletic  grounds  — 
Dining  rooms,  libraries,  etc. 

5.  Aqueducts — Earliest  aqueducts  entirely  subterranean 
— Later  ones  built  partly  on  arches — Principles  of  construc- 
tion— Fall  not  pressure — Enormous  length — Castella — Dis- 
tributing mains — List  of  chief  Roman  aqueducts. 

6.  Aqueducts  outside  of  Rome. 

7.  Fountains. 


—  22  — 

LECTURE  XXI. 

THE  CIRCENSIAN  GAMES. 

References. 

Wilkin s,  Primer,  p.  93. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  422  ff .  ;  546  ff, 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  394  f. 

Richter,  Spiele  der  Griechen  und  Romer,  p.  152. 

Lanciani,  Ancient  Rome  ;  see  Index  under  Circus  Maximus. 

Inge,  Society  in  Rome,  p.  216  ff. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  ii. 

Lanciani,  Ruins  and  Excavations  ;  see  Index  under  Circus. 

Friedlander  Sittengeschichte5  ii,  p.  283. 

Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  under  Cirkus. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Circus,  Circenses. 

Wallace,  Ben  Hur,  book  v,  chapter  xiv. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  p.  295  ff. 

Zoeller,  Privataltertiimer,  p.  379  ff . 

Photographs  :  29.005,  29.050,  88. 

1.  The  Circus  Maximus — Location — Size — 2000  x  600 
feet — 150,000-385,000  spectators — spina — metae — Eggs  and 
dolphins — carceres — calx — pulvinar — Circus  of  Maxentius. 

2.  Early  religious  character  of  the  Circensiau  Games — 
Imposing  ceremonial — The  presiding  official. 

3.  The  races — Four  chariots — Four  or  two  horses — Seven 
laps  {missus) — Number  of  races — The  jockeys — Colors  and 
factions  :  red,  white,  blue,  green — Political  significance  of 
these — Pay  of  the  jockeys. 

4.  Increased  frequency  of  the  games  under  the  Empire — 
Passion  of  the  Romans  for  them — ' '  partem  et  Circenses. ' ' 


LECTURE  XXII. 

THE  GAMES  OF  THE  AMPHITHEATRE. 

References. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  iv. 
Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Coliseum,  Gladiators. 
Wilkins,  Primer,  p.  103. 


—  23  — 

Parker,  J.  H.,  Coliseum. 

Richter,  Spiele  der  Griechen  und  Romer,  p.  173  ff. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  404-409. 

Cuhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  553  ff. 

Burn,  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  p.  234  ff. 

,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  71  ff. 

Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,5  ii,  p.  318  ff. 
Inge,  Society  in  Rome,  p.  53  ff.  ;  210  ff. 
Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  under  Amphitheater. 
Post,  American  Journal  of  Philology,  vol.  xiii,  p.  213. 
Strack,  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  Plates  9-1 1. 
Lanciani,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  p.  367. 
Zoeller,  Privataltertumer,  p.  384  ff. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  Canto  iv,  Stanza  cxlii  ff. 
Photographs  :  Q,  R,  S ;  27.005,  27.010,  27.015,  27.020,  27.025,  27.030, 
89. 

i.  Coliseum — Origin  of  the  name — Its  Roman  name 
Amphitheatrum  Flavium — Vespasian  and  Titus,  80  A.D. — 
Three  stories — Later  four — Capacity  100,000 — arena — 
podium — The  seats — Four  tiers — Canopies — Masts — Sub- 
structures. 

2.  Gladiatorial  contests — Fought  in  Coliseum  and  other 
amphitheatres — Gladiatorial  schools — Severity  of  the  train- 
ing. 

3.  Classes  of  gladiators — retiarii,  mirmillones ,  Sabines, 
Thracians — Weapons,  and  modes  of  fighting — Character  of 
the  contests — Conditions  of  mercy — pollice  verso. 

4.  Contests  with  wild  beasts. 

5.  Sham  naval  fights — naumachiae. 

6.  Boxing. 

LECTURE  XXIII. 
THEATRES. 
References. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  iii. 

Lanciani,  Ruins  and  Excavations,  see  Index  under  Theatres. 

Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  p.  1757. 

Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,5  ii,  p.  391  ff. 

Marquardt,  Staatsverwaltung,  vol.  iii,  p.  528. 


—  24  — 

Zoller,  Privataltertiimer,  p.  389  ff. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  59  f. ;  401  ff. 

Strack,  Baudenkmaler  des  alten  Rom,  Plate  25. 

Photographs  :  87. 

1.  Early  prejudice  against  permanent  theatres  at  Rome — 
Theatre  of  Pompey — Theatre  of  Marcellus. 

2.  Details  of  construction — cavea,  cunei,  aulaeum,  orches- 
tra. 

3.  Early  disappearance  of  legitimate  drama  at  Rome — 
Roman  love  of  the  spectacular. 

4.  Successors  of  tragedy  : 

(a)  Pantomimes,  i.e.,  acting  of  striking  scenes  from 
familiar  tragic  legends — Gesticulation  prominent — A 
simple  text  chanted  by  chorus — Immoral  tendencies. 

(b)  Dramatic  songs — Nero's  famous  role. 

5.  Atellanae  and  Mimi. 

6.  Ballet  dancing — Pyrrhicha. 

7.  Social  position  of  actors  at  Rome — Pecuniary  compen- 
sations— Factions — Tumults. 


LECTURE  XXIV. 


BOOKS,  AUTHORS,  RECITATIONS,  PUBLISHERS,  LIBRARIES, 
CORRESPONDENCE,  SHORTHAND,  NEWS- 
PAPERS, THE  POST. 

References. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  36. 

Putnam,  G.  H.,  Books  and  their  Public  in  Ancient  Times,  chapter  v. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  529. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  325  ff. 

Lanciani,  Ancient  Rome,  chapter  vii. 

Birt,  Das  Antike  Buchwesen. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  799  rT. 

Zoller,  Privataltertiimer,  p.  349  fF. 

i.  Materials  and  construction  of  the  book — Papyrus — Its 
Preparation — Parchment — Leather — Other  materials — Ink — 
Pens — The  roll  (volumen) — Umbilicus — Pages — Scrinia — 
Titles — Opisthographa —  The  Codex. 


—  25  — 

2.  Publication — Multiplication  of  copies  by  dictation — 
Arrangements  with  authors — Royalties — Size  of  editions — 
Prices  of  copies — Publishers — Book-shops. 

3.  The  recitation — Way  of  introducing  new  works  to  the 
public. 

4.  Libraries. 

5.  Note-books  and  correspondence — Use  of  wax-tablets 
(pugillares)  —Stilus — Amanuenses — Shorthand. 

6.  Newspapers. 

7.  Postal  system. 

LECTURE  XXV. 

ARTS   AND   INDUSTRIES. 

References. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  Theil  II,  chaps.  3,  4. 

G611,  Culturbilder,  i,  p.  162. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  105. 

Guhl  u.  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  519-533. 

Zoller,  Privataltertiimer,  p.  340  ff. 

Photographs  :  94.015-.018,  94.066  ff.,  95. 

1.  Contempt  of  the  Romans  for  industrial  occupations, 
except  farming. 

2.  Organization  of  Roman  artisans  into  guilds  {collegia) — 
Tutelary  divinities. 

3.  Classification  of  industries  : 

A.     Manual  Industries. 

(a)  Farming  and  cattle-raising — Bee-keeping — Fish  cul- 
ture. 

(b)  Wine-making. 

(c)  Milling  and  baking. 

(d)  Fulling  and  dyeing. 
0)    Pottery. 

(/)  Metal- work. 
(jr)  Glass. 


—  26  — 
B.     Learned  Professions. 


(a)  Teachers. 

(b)  Physicians. 
(V)    Lawyers. 
id)  Artists. 


LECTURE  XXVI. 

DEATH  AND  BURIAL. 
References. 

Becker,  Gallus,  p.  505. 

Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  p.  377  ff.,  591  ff. 

Preston  and  Dodge,  Private  Life,  p.  17. 

Smith,    Dictionary  of    antiquities,    under    columbarium,    funus. 

Marquardt,  Privatleben,  Theil  i.  Abschnitt  viii. 

G611,  Culturbilder,  ii,  p.  326. 

Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  p.  308. 

Zoeller,  Privataltertumer,  p.  323  ff. 

Middleton,  Ancient  Rome,  vol.  ii,  chapter  viii. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  Canto  iv,  Stanza  xcix  ff .  ;  clii. 

Photographs  :  T,  U,  V,  W  ;  11.050,  11. 051,  11.052,  98.045  ff., 99.072  ff. 

i.   Death — The  conclamatio . 

2.  Funeral  ceremonies — Undertakers  {libitinarii) — Hired 
mourners  {praeficae) — The  funeral  procession — Ancestral 
imagines — Funeral  oration  (laudatio). 

5.  Disposition  of  the  body — Regularly  outside  the  walls. 

(a)  Interment. 

( 1 )  In  sarcophagi  and  tombs. 

(2)  In  the  ground — poorer  classes. 

(b)  Cremation. 

(1)  The  bustum — burning  over  an  open  grave. 

(2)  The   rogus    or    funeral    pyre — Ustrina — Ashes 
gathered  in  urns. 

4.  Funeral  feasts — Services  in  commemoration  of  the 
dead — novemdial — par  en  talia . 

5.  Funeral  monuments. 

(a)  Tombs,  e.  g.,  of  the  Scipios. 

(b)  Columbaria. 


—  27  — 

(c)  Special  memorials — Tomb  of  Caecilia  Metella — 
Mausoleum  of  Hadrian — Pyramid  of  Cestius — Street 
of  Tombs  at  Pompeii. 


LECTURE  XXVII. 

BELIEF  OF  THE  ROMANS  IN  IMMORTALITY. 

References. 

Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte5,  iii,  p.  681-716. 
Boissier,  La  Religion  Romaine,  vol.  i,  p.  263  ff. 

A.    Views  of  the  Educated  Classes. 

1.  Opponents  of  the  doctrine — Pliny  the  Elder — The 
Epicureans. 

2.  Arguments  in  favor  of  immortality  (Plato). 

3.  The  Stoic  view — Immortality  for  a  limited  period — 
-Seneca — Striking  resemblance  to  Christian  teaching. 

B.     Views  of  the  Uneducated   Classes. 

1.  General  belief  in  immortality. 

2.  Belief  in  the  Greek  mythological  conceptions  of  the 
environment  and  occupation  of  souls  after  death — Materi- 
alistic character  of  these  views. 

3.  Belief  in  shades  and  apparitions  as  a  ground  for  the 
belief  in  immortality. 

C.     Contrast  between  the  Roman  and  Christian  Conceptions 
of  the  Future  Life. 

1.  The  Christian  faith,  a  revelation — The  Roman  a  result 
of  experience. 

2.  Clear  connection  between  the  dead  and  living  to  the 
Roman  mind. 

3.  Relatively  greater  importance  attached  by  the  Romans 
to  the  present  life. 


PART  III. 
PUBLIC    ANTIQUITIES. 


LECTURE  XXVIII. 

INTRODUCTORY. 


i.   Plan  and  scope. 
2.   Bibliography. 


LECTURE  XXIX. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  REGAL  PERIOD. 

References. 

Ihne,  W.,  Early  Rome,  chapters  ii-iv. 

,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  i,  book  i,  chapters  i-xii. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  pp.  20-40. 

Allen,  Short  History  of  the  Roman  People,  p.  13  ff. 

Tighe,  A.,  Development  of  the  Roman  Constitution,  chapter  i. 

Granrud,  J.  E.,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  First  Period. 

I.  Character  of  Early  Roman   History. 

1 .  Views  of  the  Romans  themselves  as  to  the  credibility 
of  their  early  history. 

2.  Beginnings  of  modern  criticism — Vico,  Pouilly,  Beau- 
fort, 1725-1750. 

3.  Niebuhr — Roman  History — 181 1 — Shows  mythological 
and  legendary  character  of  early  history. 

4.  Lewis — Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History,  1855. 

5.  Grounds  of  Niebuhr' s  views. 

(a)  Lack  of  contemporary  evidence — Earliest  annalists 
200  B.C. 

{b)  Untrustworthy  character  of  oral  tradition — Influ- 
ence of  family  pride. 


—  29  — 

(V)  Internal  inconsistencies. 

(d)  Chronological  difficulties — Extraordinary  duration 
of  the  reign  of  the  Kings. 

(e)  Moral  impossibilities — Institutions  of  Numa. 

(/)  Traces  of  late  borrowing  under  Greek  influence — 
Story  of  Sextus  Tarquinius — Brutus' s  mission  to 
Delphi. 

II.  Reconstruction  of  History  of  Regal  Period. 

i.   Rome  a  Latin  settlement. 

2.  The   original  city    a  small  fortified   enclosure  on  the 
Palatine. 

3.  Amalgamation  with  the  Sabines. 

4.  The  original  monarchy  sacerdotal. 

5.  Overthrow  of  the  sacerdotal  monarchy  ;  establishment 
of  the  military  monarchy  (an  Etruscan  conquest?). 


LECTURE  XXX. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  ROMAN  STATE  IN  THE  REGAL 

PERIOD. 

References. 

Ihne,  Early  Rome,  chapters  v-ix. 

,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  i,  book  i,  chapter  xiii. 

Mommsen,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  i,  chapters  v/vi. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  pp.  40-47. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  165  ,  87-93  ;  147-150. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  pp.  154-167  ;  8-26  ;  73-79. 

Tighe,  Roman  Constitution,  chapter  iii. 

Allen,  Short  History,  pp.  18-37. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  pp.  164-169. 

Granrud,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  First  Period. 

A.     The  King. 

1.   Mode  of  Appointment — interrex — decuriae — auctoritas 
patrum — lex  curiata. 


—  3o  — 

2.  Powers  and  functions  of  the  King;. 

(a)  Executive — Commander  in  wars — Oversight  of  re- 
ligion. 

(b)  Judicial. 

(c)  Legislative. 

3.  Emoluments  and  insignia  of  the  king  :  trabea,  sceptre, 
lictors. 

4.  Assistants  of  the  King :  praefedus  urbi ;    quaestores  ; 
duumviri — Sacerdotal  assistants  ;  flamens,  augurs,  etc. 

B.  The  Senate. 

1 .  Membership —  1 00-300. 

2.  Functions  —  Representative  and  advisory — auctoritas 
t>atrum — Absence  of  legislative  powers. 

C.  The  People. 

1.  The  different  orders. 

(a)  Before  Servius  Tullius  :  citizens,  clients. 

(b)  After  Servius  Tullius— The  Plebeians. 

2.  Organization  of  the  People. 

(a)  Before  Servius  Tullius — The  Curiae. 

(b)  Servius's  reforms — Tribes,  classes,  centuries. 

3.  The   political   functions   of  the  people — The    Comitia 
Curiata. 

LECTURE  XXXI. 

SKETCH  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  OF  REPUBLI- 
CAN ROME  FROM  THE  EXPULSION  OF  THE  KINGS  TO 
THE  EQUALIZATION  OF  THE  ORDERS  (510-367  B.C.) 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  i,  pp.  127-334. 
How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  pp.  47-94. 
Fowler,  W.  W.,  The  City-State,  chapters  vii,  viii. 
Allen,  Short  History,  pp.  38-76. 

Granrud,    Roman   Constitutional    History,    Second    Period,    chap- 
ters i-v. 


—  3i  — 

i .  Constitutional  significance  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Republic — The  consuls  as  compared  with  the  kings. 

2.  General  features  of  the  period  from  510-367  B.C. — 
Gradual  advance  of  the  plebeians  to  full  political  equality. 

3.  Grievances  of  plebeians  : 

(a)  Unjust  laws  regarding  debtors. 

(£)    Unfair  administration  of  laws  in  general. 

[e)    Maladministration  of  public  lands. 

4.  The  first  secession  of  the  plebs  (494  B.C. ) — Institution 
of  tribunes  and  of  the  concilium  plebis. 

5.  The  Terentilian  Rogations  (462  B.C.) — Plebeiansde- 
mand  a  code — The  Decemvirate  (450  B.C.) — Laws  of  the 
Twelve  Tables — The  Second  Secession  (449  B.C.) — Valerio- 
Horatian  laws. 

6.  Canuleian  Law  (445  B.C.) — Right  of  intermarriage. 

7.  Institution  of  consular  tribunes  (445  B.C.). 

8.  Establishment  of  the  censorship  (443  B.C.) — The 
cruaestorship  opened  to  plebeians  (421  B.C.). 

9.  Plebeians  first  elect  consular  tribunes  in  400  B.C. 
10.  The  Licinian  Rogations  (367  B.C.). 


LECTURE   XXXII. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  OF  REPUBLICAN  ROME  FROM 

THE  LICINIAN    ROGATIONS  TO  THE 

GRACCHI  (367-133  B.C.). 

References. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  pp.  93-97 ;  and  chapters  xxviii, 
xxix. 

Allen,  Short  History,  pp.  76-153. 

Granrud,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  Second  Period,  chapters 
vii-ix  ;  Third  Period,  chapters  i-v. 

1.  Admission  of  the  plebeians  to  the  minor  civil  offices  : 

(a)  Curule  aedileship. 

(b)  Censorship,  351  B.C. 


—  32  — 

2.  Publilian  laws — Greater  freedom  of  action  for  popular 
assemblies — Practical  abrogation  of  auctoritas  patrum,  339 
B.C. 

3.  Praetorship  opened  to  plebeians  337  B.C. 

4.  Priesthoods  opened  to  plebeians  by  Ogulnian  law,  300 
B.C. 

5.  Hortensian  law,  287  B.C. — Recognition  of  validity  of 
resolutions  (plebis  scita)  of  Concilium  Plebis. 

6.  General  Character  of  the  government  in  this  period — 
The  new  nobility— An  aristocracy  of  ex -officeholders — 
Supremacy  of  the  Senate. 

7.  Reform  of  Comitia  Centuriata — 35  tribes — 369  cen- 
turies (35  X  10  -f-  18  Requites)  -f  1  (capite  censi). 

8.  Growing  influence  of  the  Comitia  Tributa. 

9.  Beginnings  of  the  provincial  system. 

10.  Rise  of  the  Equestrian  Order — It  becomes  a  capitalist 
class. 

11.  The  clientship  of  this  period. 


LECTURE  XXXIII. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  OF  REPUBLICAN  ROME  FROM 

THE  AGE  OF  THE  GRACCHI    TO    THE    DEATH    OF 

JULIUS  CAESAR  (133  TO  44  B.C.)— COLLAPSE 

OF    THE    REPUBLIC. 

References. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome,  pp.  331-551. 

Allen,  Short  History,  pp.  147-220. 

Granrud,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  Fourth  Period. 

1.  Agrarian  law  of  Tiberius  Gracchus  (133  B.C.) — Rev- 
olutionary measures  employed  for  its  adoption — Gracchus' s 
murder — Execution  of  the  law. 

2.  Gaius  Gracchus  (123  B.C.) — His  reforms — Aims  at 
at  diminution  of  powers  of  nobility — His  corn  law — His 
death,  121  B.C. 

3.  The  Conservative  reaction  after  Gracchus' s  death. 


—  33  — 

4.  Marius,  Saturninus,  Glaucia  —  Laws  of  Saturninus 
(ioo  B.C.). 

5.  The  Social  War— Drusus — The  franchise  granted  to 
the  Italians  (90  B.C.). 

6.  The  First  Civil  War— Laws  of  Sulpicius  (88  B.C.)— 
Cinna,  Marins,  and  Carbo — Triumph  of  Sulla  (82  B.C.). 

7.  The  Sullan  constitution — Restoration  of  senatorial  pre- 
dominance— Sulla's  death. 

8.  Conspiracy  of  Catiline  (63  B.C.) — Significance  of  the 
movement. 

9.  First  triumvirate  (60  B.C.) — Caesar,  Pompey,  Crassus 
— Popular  trend  of  affairs. 

10.  Conflict  between  Caesar  and  the  Senate  (49  B.C.). — 
Triumph  of  the  monarchical  idea — Caesar's  rule  (46-44 
B.C.). 

11.  Review  of  the  period — Forces  at  work — Causes  of 
collapse  of  Republic. 


LECTURE  XXXIV. 

THE  ROMAN  ASSEMBLIES. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  pp.  9-41. 

How  and  Leigh,  History  of  Rome  :  see  Index,  under  comitia. 

Allen,  Short  History  ;  see  Index,  under  Assemblies. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  chapter  iv. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  comitia. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  79  ff. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  198  ff. 

Granrud,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  Third  Period,  chapter  iii. 

A.     Comitia  Centuriata. 

1.  Method  of  convening  Com.  Cent. — The  presiding  offi- 
cers :  consul  or  praetor — dies  comitiales. 

2.  Place  of  assembly — Outside  pomerium. 

3.  Importance  of  the  auspicia — obnuntiatio — de  caelo  ser- 
vare — Other  omens. 


—  34  — 

4-   Methods  of  transacting  business — In  electing  magis- 
trates— In  passing  laws — In  judicial  cases. 
5.   Competency  of  Com.  Cent. 

B.     Coxnitia  Tributa  and  Concilium  Plebis. 

1.  Origin  and  organization  of  Com.  Trib.—  outgrowth  of 
Concilium  Plebis. 

2.  The   presiding    magistrate  —  consul,    praetor,    curule 
aedile. 

3.  Place  and  time  of  meeting — The  auspices. 

4.  Competency  of  the  Com.  Trib. 

(a)  Elections. 

(b)  Imposition  of  fines. 

(V)   Laws  introduced  by  consuls  or  praetors. 

5.  Competency  of  Cone.  Plebis. 

(a)  Election  of  plebeian  magistrates. 

(b)  Laws  introduced  by  tribunes. 
(e)  Judicial  functions. 

6.  Conduct  of  business  in  Com.  Trib. 
{a)   Method  of  electing  magistrates. 

(b)  Procedure  in  judicial  cases. 

(c)  In  legislation. 


LECTURE  XXXV. 

ON  MAGISTRACY  IN  GENERAL. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  pp.  75-98. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  magistratus. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  135  ff. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  182  ff. 

Granrud,  Roman  Constitutional  History,  Second  Period,  chapter  vi. 

i.  Potestas,  imperium — General  prerogatives  inherent  in 
all  magistrates. 

2.   Classification  of  magistrates  : 
(a)  Patricii  and  plebeii. 


—  35  — 

(b)  Cum  imperio  and  sine  imperio. 

(c)  Majores  and  Minores. 

(d)  Curules  and  non-curules. 

{e)    Ordinarii  and  extraordinarii. 

3.  Sequence  of  offices — Intervals    between    offices — Pre- 
scription as  to  age — Lex  Villia  Annalis. 

4.  Entrance  upon   office — Abdication   and  removal — Ex- 
tension of  terms. 

5.  Auspicia  of  magistrates. 

6.  Insignia  and  privileges. 

7.  Safeguards  against  abuse  of  power. 

8.  Table  of  historical  development  of  Roman  magistracy. 


LECTURE  XXXVI. 

THE  MAGISTRATUS  MAJORES. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  p.  117  ff. 
Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  166  ff.  ;  187  ff.  ;  198  ff. 
Smith,  Dictionary,  under  consul,  praetor,  censor. 
Zoller,  Romische  Staatstaltertumer,  pp.  176-225. 
Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  173  ff. 

A.  The  Consulship. 

1.  Meaning   of   the  name   consul — Earlier   designations: 
praetor,  judex. 

2.  Election  and  inauguration. 

3.  Military  functions — Triumphs  and  ovations. 

4.  Civil  functions — General  executive — Initiative  in  legis- 
lation— Relations  with  Senate — Conduct  of  elections. 

5.  Consulares — Proconsules. 

B.  The  Praetorship. 

1.  Origin  and  development. 

2.  Election — Insignia  of  office. 


-36- 

3.  Functions. 

(a)  Civil  jurisdiction. 

(b)  Conduct  of  quaestiones  perpetuae. 
(V)  Provincial  administration. 

C.     The  Censorship. 

i.   Origin  and  purpose  of  the  office. 

2.  Term  of  service — Election — Inauguration. 

3.  Functions. 

{a)  Taking  of  census. 

(b)  Recognitio  equitum. 

(c)  Lectio  Senatus. 

(d)  Regimen  morum. 

(<?)  Financial  powers  and  duties. 


LECTURE  XXXVII. 

THE  MAGISTRATUS  MINORKS. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapters  vi,  viii. 
Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  194  ff.,  189  ff.,  175  ff. 
Smith,  Dictionary,  under  quaestor,  tribunus,  aedilis. 
Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  pp.  225-264. 
Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  177  ff. 

A.  The  duaestorship. 

1.  Origin — Name — Development  of  the  office. 

2.  Quaestores  urbani — Financial  duties — Management  of 
the  aerarium. 

3.  Military    quaestors—Management   of    war-chest — Be- 
come provincial  servants. 

B.     The  Tribunate. 

1.  Origin  and  development  of  the  tribunate. 

2.  The  Powers  and  Prerogatives  of  the  tribunes  : 

(a)  Intercession  :  against  magistrates,  Senate,  comitia. 


—  37  — 

(b)  Positive  functions— Legislative  and  judicial  initia- 
tive in  Cone.  Plebis — Conduct  of.elections  for  tribunes 
and  plebeian  aediles. 

(e)    Prerogatives  :    coercitio,  jus  cum  plebe  agendi,  aus- 
picia,  edicta,jus  senatum  consulendi. 
4.   Decay  of  tribunate. 

C.     Aedileship. 

1.  Origin  and  development  of  aedileship. 

2.  Duties  of  aediles. 

(a)  cura  urbis. 

(b)  cura  annonae. 

(c)  cura  ludorum. 


LECTURE  XXXVIII. 

THE  SENATE. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapter  ii. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  254. 

Smith,  Dictionary,  under  Senatus. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  287  ff. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  191  ff. 

1.  Composition   of    the   Senate — Patrician   and   plebeian 
elements — Patres  conscripti — curules—pedarii. 

2.  Method    of    convening   Senate — Time   and    places   of 
meeting. 

3.  Procedure — Methods  of  voting. 

4.  Resolutions  of  the  Senate  : 
(#)   Senatus  auctoritas. 

(b)   Senatus  consultum. 
(V)    Senatus  decretum. 

5.  Competency  of  the  Senate  : 

(a)  Participation  in  legislation. 

(b)  In  elections. 


-38- 

(V)    Judicial  functions. 

(d)  Religious  control. 

(e)  Financial  control. 

6.  Senate  as  director  of   foreign   policy   and   diplomatic 
relations. 

7.  The  Senate  under  the  Empire. 


LECTURE  XXXIX. 

ROMAN  MILITARY  ORGANIZATION. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapter  iv. 

Judson,  H.  P.,  Caesar's  Army. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  221  ff. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  428  ff. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  348  f. 

A.     Army  of  the  Republic. 

1.  Liability  to  service — Mode  of  levy. 

2.  The  Legion — Strength — Organization— Officers. 

3.  Weapons  and  equipment. 

4.  Arrangement  in  battle — Tactics. 

5.  Marching  order. 

6.  Methods  of  siege — Artillery. 

7.  Cavalry. 

8.  Auxiliaries. 

9.  The  Roman  camp. 

10.  Pay  of  soldiers — Discipline — Special  rewards. 

B.     Changes  in  the  Army. 

1.  Changes  under  Marius. 

2.  Changes  under  the  Empire. 

3.  The  city  troops. 

4.  Auxilia. 


—  39  — 
LECTURE   XL. 

MONEY  AND  THE  ROMAN  FINANCIAL  SYSTEM. 

References. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapter  vii. 
Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  464  ff.  ;  p.  281  ff. 
Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  252  ff. 
Zoller,  R.6mische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  318  ff. 

i.  Coinage — Metals  used — Unit  of  reckoning — Different 
coins — Modern  values — Notation. 

2.  The  Roman  revenues  —  tributum  —  vectigalia  —  From 
booty  in  war — portoria — Land  revenues — Other  sources. 

3.  Expenditures — Civil  and  military  purposes — For  pub- 
lic buildings — Religious  purposes— For  special  donations. 

4.  Financial  administration — Responsible  officials — Meth- 
ods of  collecting  revenues — Management  of  funds — The jiscus 
of  the  emperors. 

5.  Interest  on  money. 


LECTURE   XLI. 

ROMAN  JURISPRUDENCE. 

References. 

Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  chapter  xliv. 

Hadley,  Introduction  to  Roman  Law,  chapters,  ii,  iii. 

Morey,  Outlines  of  Roman  Law. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  285  ff. 

Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  233  ff. 

Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  379  ff. 

i.  Development  of  Roman  law — Codes — Praetorian  edicts 
— Responsa. 

2.   Private  law : 

(a)  Law  of  persons. 

(b)  Law  of  property — Kinds  of  property — Titles — 
Transfers  —  Inheritance  —  The  centumviri—judices — 
arbitri — recupera  tores . 


—  4o  — 

3.  Lawyers — Emoluments. 

4.  Criminal  law. 

(a)  Crimes:  political,  civil. 

(5)  Penalties. 

(V)    Criminal    process  : — by  people  ;  by  quaestiones  per- 

petnae  ;  by  assessor es. 
(d)   Mode  of  procedure. 

5.  The  Roman  law  as  a  contribution  to  civilization. 

6.  The  Roman  law  as  contrasted  with  Anglo-Saxon  law. 


LECTURE  XLII. 

ROMAN  RELIGION  AND  WORSHIP. 
References. 

Mommsen,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  i,  book  i,  chapter  xii ;  book  ii, 
chapter  viii ;  vol.  iii,  chapter  xii ;  vol.  iv,  chapter  xii. 

Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapter  xiii. 

Wilkins,  Primer,  p.  105. 

Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  364  ff. 

Tighe,  Roman  Constitution,  p.  35  ff.  ;  p.  102  ff. 

Madvig,  Verfassung  und  Verwaltung  des  romischen  Staates,  vol.  ii, 
p.  580  ff . 

Granger,  Frank,  The  Worship  of  the  Romans. 

Boissier,  G.,  La  Religion  Romaine. 

Allen,  The  Religion  of  the  Ancient  Romans,  North  American  Re- 
view, vol.  cxiii,  pp.  30-62. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Ten  Great  Religions,  chapter  viii. 

Inge,  Society  in  Rome,  p.  1  fT. 

Photographs  :  98.030  ff. 

1.  The  Roman  religion  as  a  system — Contrast  with  our 
modern  conception  of  religion. 

2.  Original  character  of  the  Roman  religion — Contrast 
with  Greek  religion. 

3.  Later  de-nationalization  and  Hellenization  of  Roman 
religion. 

4.  The  chief  divinities. 

5.  The  priestly  colleges  and  their  functions. 

6.  Worship — Sacrifices— Special  cults. 

7.  Deification  of  the  Emperors — The  Augustales. 


\       • ...  .  ..  . 


—  41  — 

LECTURE  XUII. 

ORGANIZATION   AND   ADMINISTRATION    OF   THE    ROMAN 
DEPENDENCIES  AND  PROVINCES. 

References. 

Mommsen,  The  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Ihne,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iv,  chapter  x. 
Ramsay,  Manual,  p.  115  ff.  ;  218  ff. 
Gow,  Companion  to  School  Classics,  p.  209  ff. 
Zoller,  Romische  Staatsaltertiimer,  p.  409  ff. 

A.     Italian  Dependencies. 

1.  Different  kinds  of  dependent  Italian  communities. 

2.  Colonies. 

3.  Municipia — Organization  and  government. 

4.  Praefedurae . 

5.  Socii — Latini  and  Italici — The  Lex  Julia  et  Plautia 
Papiria. 

6.  Augustus's  division  of  Italy  into  regions. 

B.     The  Provinces. 

1.  Administration  of  the  Roman  Provinces. 
(a)  Under  the  Republic. 

(£)  Under  the  Empire. 

2.  Civil  and  political  status  of  the  provincial  communities 
and  their  citizens. 


V 


